If 

the version of you 

from 

5 years ago 

could see you 

right now, 

They'd be so proud. 

Keep going.

Plurals of Compound Nouns

 A compound noun is a noun made up of two or more words (e.g. toothpaste, daughter-in-law). Compound can be formed as follows.

• Noun + Noun
• Police Station
• Noun + Adjective
• Spoonful
• Adjective + Noun
• Bright Sun
• Verb + Noun
• Swimming Pool
• Noun + Verb
• Haircut, Skydiving
• Verb + preposition
• Check-in
• Noun + preposition
• Passer by
• Preposition + Noun
• Underground
• Noun + Preposition + Noun
• Father-in-law

Examples for Compound Nouns--

• Spoonful
• Mouthful
• Father-in-law
• Mother-in-law
• Sister-in-law
• Brother-in-law
• Guest-of-honour
• By-way

Plural of Compound Nouns

1. Spoonful - >Spoonfuls
2. Mouthful - >Mouthfuls
3. Passer-by - > Passers-by
4. Guest-of-honour - > Guests-of-honour 
5. father-in-law - >fathers-in-law
6. mother-in-law- >mothers-in-law
7. teacher-in-charge- >teachers-in-charge
8. a ten-year-old - >a ten-years-old
9. Notary public - >Notaries Public
10. Commander-in-chief- >Commanders-in-chief

Irregular Plurals

 A large majority of nouns in the English Language are pluralized by adding an "s" or "es" to the end of the word and They are called regular plurals. Nouns that don't follow the above rule are called irregular plurals.

Singular                Plurals

Person                    People

Foot                       Feet

Tooth                     Teeth

Child                     Children

Mouse                   Mice

Sheep                    Sheep

Fish                       Fish

Leaf                      Leaves

Goose                   Geese

Woman                Women

Man                     Men

Aircraft               Aircraft

Index                    Indices

Syllabus               Syllabi

Axis                    Axes

Criterion              Criteria

Medium              Media

Curriculum         Curricula

Formula               Formulae / Formulas

Fungus                Fungi

Phenomenon       Phenomena

Bacterium            Bacteria

Nucleus                Nuclei

Analysis             Analyses

Appendix            Appendices

Vertebra            Vertebrae

       

Common English Verbs

1. Add
2. Addict
3. Avoid
4. Ask
5. Bark
6. Bite
7. Break
8. Broke
9. Bury
10. Become
11. Became
12. Breathe
13. Born
14. Bath
15. Buy
16. Bought
17. Burn
18. Burnt
19. Bend
20. Brush
21. Blow
22. Build
23. Built
24. Begin
25. Climb
26. Copy
27. Cry
28. Comb
29. Clean
30. Check
31. Cut
32. Collect
33. Compare
34. Complete
35. Chop
36. Complain
37. Consider
38. Call
39. Carry
40. Carve
41. Catch
42. Caught
43. Call
44. Dance
45. Drive
46. Delete
47. Dig
48. Disturb
49. Drop
50. Design
51. Discover
52. Desire
53. Dry
54. Drag
55. Die
56. Dead
57. Damage
58. Destroy
59. Divide
60. Drizzle
61. Eat
62. Erase
63. Express
64. Explain
65. Flow
66. Find
67. Found
68. Fall
69. Fell
70. Fail
71. File
72. Fill
73. Faint
74. Feel
75. Felt
76. Fly
77. Forget
78. Forgot
79. Get
80. Got
81. Gather
82. Grow
83. Hit
84. Hope
85. Hop
86. Hang
87. Hear
88. Hold
89. Hide
90. Hid
91. Hurt
92. Speak
93. Think
94. Understand
95. Remember
96. Show
97. Try
98. Swim
99. Sweep
100. Seek
101. Throw
102. Request
103. Pray
104. Wish
105. Worship
106. Offer
107. Leave
108. Stop
109. Sing
110. Punish
111. Listen
112. Tear
113. Sew
114. Ride
115. Make
116. Made
117. Prepare
118. Wipe
119. Sharpen
120. Want
121. Need
122. Worry
123. Trouble
124. Talk
125. Imagine
126. See
127. Put
128. Set
129. Let
130. Bet
131. Shut
132. Wrap
133. Peel
134. Make
135. Made
136. Mix
137. Apply
138. Pay
139. Observe
140. Describe
141. Repair
142. Carve
143. Scrub
144. Light
145. Resign
146. Shake
147. Peep
148. Vomit
149. Paint
150. Stink
151. Scratch
152. Knit
153. Pinch
154. Tickle
155. Joke
156. Yawn
157. Grin
158. Rub
159. Nourish
160. Submit
161. Snore
162. Thunder
163. Supply
164. Provide
165. Hate
166. Lose
167. Lost
168. Turn
169. Save
170. Swallow
171. Pull
172. Push
173. Ring
174. Slip
175. Maintain
176. Repair
177. Study
178. Miss
179. Address
180. Rescue
181. Run
182. Ran
183. Jump
184. Sit
185. Sat
186. Stand
187. Stood
188. Steal
189. Stole
190. Reply
191. Measure
192. Tie
193. Match
194. Polish
195. Plant
196. Look
197. See
198. Mean
199. Learn
200. Study
201. Teach
202. Live
203. Love
204. Stay
205. Wait
206. Smile
207. Laugh
208. Marry
209. Engage
210. Like
211. Pick
212. Pluck
213. Water
214. Take
215. Took
216. Left
217. Leave
218. Trim
219. Tight
220. Search
221. Paste
222. Shout
223. Struggle
224. Wear
225. Remove
226. Pierce
227. Pour
228. Scrape
229. Enjoy
230. Taste
231. Kill
232. Hunt
233. Shoot
234. Leak
235. Reject
236. Subtract
237. Multiply
238. Share
239. Mention
240. Rise
241. Start
242. End
243. Finish
244. Train
245. Serve
246. Pollute
247. Write
248. Read
249. Wash
250. Confirm
251. 
     
252. 
     
253. 
     

am / is / are

 1.Fill in the blanks using is or are.

Mr.Siripala and his family ........................ is at home. Mr.Siripala .................... reading a book. Mrs.Siripala ................. cooking. Their children ............. there too. They .................. working. Rohan..................... sweeping the floor. Gihani ............. sewing a dress. Where ......... is the cat? It .......... sleeping under a chair.

2.Change the following into questions.

ex:-

    The boy is playing

    Is the boy playing?

1.Nethuli is doing her homework. - ..........................................................................

2.Mother is cooking rice.- ..........................................................................

3.Father is watching television.- ..........................................................................

4.Sister is playing under the table.- ..........................................................................

5.Brother is sleeping in the room.- ..........................................................................

6.Rohan is learning English.- ..........................................................................

7.The cat is climbing a tree.- ..........................................................................

8.Malith is cleaning the blackboard.- ..........................................................................

9.The class monitor is preparing a cleaning chart.

10.I am shouting.- ..........................................................................

3.Change the following as the example.

ex:-

    They are singers.

    Are they singers?

1.They are dancers.- ..........................................................................

2.The Students are writing an assessment.- ..........................................................................

3.You are sithuli-- ..........................................................................

4.The Players are sitting on the floor.- ..........................................................................

5.The Children are playing .- ..........................................................................

4.Change the following as negative sentences.

ex:-

    Malith is playing

    Malith is not playing

1.Asoka is swimming- ..........................................................................

2.Anoma is reading-- ..........................................................................

3.The children are learning.- ..........................................................................

4.The girls are sewing.- ..........................................................................

5.Lasith is reading.- ..........................................................................

6.He is singing.- ..........................................................................

7.She is sleeping.- ..........................................................................

8.It is running.- ..........................................................................

9.He is swimming.- ..........................................................................

10.She is sweeping.- ..........................................................................

5.Put the following words in their right order to form sentences.

a.)sweeping/ is/ Nimali

b.)is / Lasith/ playing

c.)he / working/ is

d.)cat/ the / climbing/the/ is / tree

e.)children / the / playing / football / are

Read and Answer

Anuki's House

This is a house

It is our house

It is not a big house.

Our house is near a paddy-field. 

It is our paddy-field

Our garden is in front of our house.

It is a large garden.

My Father and my brother are in it.

They are busy.

A. Are the following statements right or wrong?

    1.This is Anuki's house ( _ _ _ _ _ )

    2.It is a small house ( _ _ _ _ _ )

    3.It is near a paddy-field ( _ _ _ _ _ )

    4. The garden is behind the house ( _ _ _ _ _ )

    5. Anuki's father and mother are in the garden. ( _ _ _ _ _ )

B.Answer these Questions.

    1.Where is the house?

    2.Is it a big house or a small house?

    3.Where is the garden?

    4.Is it a large garden or a small garden?

    5.Who is in the garden?

In Their Garden

Manuka and Anuki are brother and sister. They are in their garden. They are playing. Their pets are there too. Kitty- their cat is climbing a tall tree. It is mewing. Meaow! Meaow! Meaow! Their dog - Spot is very angry. It is under the tree. It is barking. It is looking at the cat. It is barking at Kitty. Bow! Wow! Bow! Wow! The two little children are very happy. They are laughing. They are shouting. They are having fun.

Their father is standing near the door. He is watching the children. He is enjoying their fun. Their mother is in the garden too. She is near her vegetable-bed. She is not watching the children. She is working. She is watering her chillie plants. They are flowering. She is very happy.

A. Are these true or false?

    1.Manuka is in his house. (__________)

    2.Anuki is playing.(__________)

    3.The cat is under the tree.(__________)

    4.The cat's name is kitty.(__________)

    5.The dog's name is Spot.(__________)

    6.Their father is not watching the children.(__________)

    7.Their father is enjoying the fun.(__________)

    8.Their mother is weeding her vegetable-bed.(__________)

    9.The chillie plants are flowering.(__________)

    10.Manuka is climbing a tree. (__________)

B.Give the correct answer

1.The two little children are

        a.)playing

        b.)working

        c.)running

2.Kitty is climbing

        a.)a window

        b.)a tree

        c.)the roof

3.The dog is 

        a.)barking

        b.)mewing

        c.)shouting

4.Their mother is 

        a.)in the house

        b.)near the vegetable bed

        c.)at the door

Phonic Practice - "e"

bed,fed,red,led,wed

bet,get,jet,let,met,net,pet,set,wet,yet

ben,den,hen,len,men,pen,sen,ten,yen,zen

beg,egg,leg,peg

bend,lend,mend,rend,send,tend

bent,dent,lent,rent,sent,tent,went

Informal and Formal

 Informal                            Formal

• Seem                        Appear
• Stand for                  Represent
• Leave out                 Omit
• Go up                       Increase
• But                           However
• Point out                  Indicate
• Think about             Consider
• In the end                 Finally
• To sum up                Conclusion
• I think                      In my opinion
• Ask                           Enquire
• Ask for                     Request
• Book                        Reserve 
• Check                      Verify
• Get                           Receive
• Help                         Assist
• Need                        Request
• Say Sorry                 Apologies
• Start / Begin             Commence
• End                          Terminate / Finish
• Deal with                 Handle
• Tell                           Inform
• Wait for                    Await
• Fight                        Combat
• Use / Eat                  Consume
• Go                            Depart
• Tough                       Difficult
• Small                       Diminutive
• Explain                     Disclose

Change of Time and Place

 Direct Speech                                        Indirect Speech

    1.Now                                                    1.Then

    2.Today                                                  2.That day                

    3.Here                                                    3.There

    4.Tonight                                               4.That Night

    5.Tomorrow                                           5.The following day

    6.Yesterday                                            6.The Previous day

    7.Next Week                                          7.The following week

    8.Last Week                                           8.The week before

    9.This                                                     9.That

    10.Ago                                                   10.Before / Previously

How many

a                   ---------------------------> 1

a couple       ---------------------------> 2

a few           ---------------------------> 3,4,5

Several        ---------------------------> 6,7,8

many           ---------------------------> 10+

a dozen        ---------------------------> 12

Common Mistakes

Don't say	Say
You can do more better	You can do better
I wish, I was there	I wish, I were there
Don't forget to reply back	Don't forget to reply
Not mention it, sir	Don't mention it, sir
I have headache	I have a headache
You like ice cream, isn't it?	You like ice cream, don't you?
Why do you need hundred rupees?	Why do you need a hundred rupees?
Please persuade him, don't do that	Please persuade him not to do that
I don't use a watch	I don't wear a watch
We regret informing you that	We regret to inform you that
Leave me in peace	Leave me alone